aperture capital partners

Aperture Capital Partners LLC is Aperture VC commits to nurturing female founders at the country's fastest-growing women's entrepreneurship organization. Drag the slider to see our fee change under different scenarios. He helps Apertures portfolio companies with operational matters as they grow andprovides customer introductions. It requires humility, patience, self-awareness and focus all qualities we model in our investment process, in the operation of our firm, and in our interactions with clients. Aperture Investors will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and to provide updates. This website is for information purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation or an offer of services or products in your country. WebOur diverse founders have 25 years of experience in early stage venture capital, corporate investing and angel investing. Mr Lee holds a JD from Stanford Law School (1999) and a Bachelors Degree in European Studies from the University of Washington. Company size. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. CMCP portfolio companies have raised over $600 million of equity capital and over $2B of project development capital. With offices in Silicon Valley, Beijing, and Tokyo, DCM empowers our entrepreneurs with hands-on operational guidance and a global network of business and financial resources. WebAperture Venture Partners is a venture capital group committed to working with exceptional entrepreneurs to tackle significant problems and create major new opportunities. 2019 Annual Report Net Expense Ratio. They work with companies across a variety of sectors, primarily within the healthcare and healthy living industries. BLOOMBERG is a trademark and service mark of Bloomberg Finance L.P. and its affiliates (collectively Bloomberg). We are on a mission to redefine the venture landscape for generations of diverse entrepreneurs by building an ecosystem engineered for successful exits. They were my first phone call when it was time to fund my next one. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form and may not be used as a basis for or a component of any financial instruments or products or indices. WebAbout us. from 8 AM - 9 PM ET. He is active as a founding Board Member of the Bay Area Lyme Foundation. As a partner, we work closely with founders and management teams to help create and grow industry leading companies that provide customers with truly differentiated capabilities and superior value. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and is backed by leading venture capital firms including Sequoia Capital, Wing Ventures, ARTIS Ventures, Google Ventures, Qualcomm Ventures, Accel Partners, Battery Ventures, and Trinity Ventures. Aperture Capital Partners LLC is a boutique investment banking firm which provides financial advisory services. The firm offers mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, and private equity advisory services. When typing in this field, a list of search results will appear and be automatically updated as you type. WebAperture Capital Partners is a specialist investment banking and strategy advisory firm serving the aerospace, defense, intelligence, communications and data analytics markets. Founded in 1935, SFMOMA was the first museum on the West Coast devoted to modern and contemporary art. Since 1996, we have invested in more than 400 technology companies across the U.S. and Asia. We are committed to working with exceptional entrepreneurs to build innovative companies in the medical device, pharmaceutical, healthcare IT/services and diagnostic sectors. Get the full list, To view Aperture Capitals complete team members history, request access, Youre viewing 5 of 81 funds. Website. He received his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and B.A. He won a prestigious Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting from the Academy of Motion Pictures and a Humanitas Angell Fellowship for his TV writing. WebThe Aperture Partners Group is a human capital advisory firm, with functions across search and assessment. While we leverage all the tools, data and technologies at our disposal, we fundamentally believe that it is our humanity which ultimately creates unique insights. They gave us their advice on matters but backed the founders' decisions in the end regardless.". We are committed to working with exceptional entrepreneurs to build innovative companies in the medical device, pharmaceutical, healthcare IT/services and diagnostic sectors. Neither Bloomberg nor Barclays approves or endorses this material, or guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information herein, or makes any warranty, express or implied, as to the results to be obtained therefrom and, to the maximum extent allowed by law, neither shall have any liability or responsibility for injury or damages arising in connection therewith. Youre viewing 10 of 16 investments. Since 2003, Mr. Lee served as in-house counsel to Cagan McAfee Capital Partners, LLC (CMCP). In 1986, Mr. McAfee graduated as the Deans Medalist from the Fresno State University business school. It does not store any personal data. Aperture is all about alignment, which is why the compensation of our portfolio managers and investment teams is also designed to put client results first, with an emphasis on consistent outperformance. Mr. Cagan previously worked in the Mergers & Acquisitions Departments of Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Drexel Burnham Lambert. A committed board member, Dr. Natale works alongside entrepreneurs to build out management teams, establish effective corporate governance and bring operational discipline to R&D and early commercialization efforts. Source: Morningstar Direct Dec 1, 2020. Deferred compensation is decreased pro-rata by any underperformance of that level. InnovateHER has approximately 5,000 members, 64% of whom identify as diverse or intersectional - specifically belonging to more than one marginalized demographic. A 1985 Congressional Award medal recipient for his volunteer work. Our managers regularly engage with clients in-person and online, unambiguously sharing their opinions and perspectives. WebThe Aperture Partners Group is a human capital advisory firm, with functions across search and assessment. The aggregate value of public companies Mr. McAfee has founded or participated in building is in excess of $4 billion measured by combined high market capitalizations. All Aperture strategies utilize performance-linked fee structures. Exit Options for John Hancock Bond and Corporate Finance Group: Hanover Communications In - 28 Strategic Investors, - WebAperture is all about alignment, which is why the compensation of our portfolio managers and investment teams is also designed to put client results first, with an emphasis on consistent outperformance. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ", "Tandem has been a great partner of ours. Aurigin or any of its employees neither endorse, warrant, nor guarantee the products or services advertised in the directory. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. At UBS, he executed merger and acquisition, equity and debt transactions. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". He is actively engaged with many of Aperture's portfolio companies and was closely involved with Aperture's successful exits. 01 Our Mission Produce outperformance by aligning asset managers with their clients. MSCI, each of its affiliates and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the MSCI Parties) expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. WebAPERTURE Venture Partners, LLC :: Team. InnovateHER founder and CEO Lauren Conaway notes,"More women are launching businesses than ever - and it's crucial that we offer more support and resources to marginalized founders in order to level the playing field. Companies that Tom has founded and managed include a national emergency physician company (Spectrum Emergency Care: Acquired by Laidlaw, Inc.), the largest correctional facility healthcare company (Correctional Medical Services) and the largest provider of X-Ray/EKG to nursing homes (Mobilex USA: Acquired by Integrated Health Services). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. All Rights Reserved. He is a member of the Olympic Club, the oldest athletic club in America, host to golfs 2012 US Open. To that end, the museum's role as a place for learning and inspiration is set to be enhanced through an expanded building, scheduled to open in early 2016, that will showcase an expanded collection and dramatically increase our capacity to serve visitors of all ages. Performance Compensation Fully-seeded investment teams can earn up to 35% of performance-linked fees charged to the strategy (30% of performance in excess of the benchmark). We hope to do our part to democratize access to opportunity for ALL leaders who want to enact radical, positive change in their communities. Prior to Aperture, Eric worked in a variety of professional services capacities. Copyright 2023 Aperture Capital Partners Pty Ltd - All Rights Reserved. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. One cannot invest directly in an index. MSCI, each of its affiliates and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the MSCI Parties) expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Mr. McAfee is a 1993 graduate of the Stanford Graduate School of Business Executive Program, and completed the Harvard Business School Private Equity and Venture Capital Program. The fund targets investments in the media, apparel, accessory, healthcare device, supply, robotic, drone and TMT sectors. The MSCI information is provided on an as is basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. New York, New York. WebDCM is a venture capital firm with over $4 billion under management. Supporting companies across multiple areas including customer introductions and acquisition, recruiting, business development, marketing, operational excellence and strategy, company financings and exits. He served as an Adjunct Professor at Columbia Business School teaching courses on private equity. The firm offers mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, and private equity advisory services. This site is available for U.S. investors only. Mr. Vlaldimirov holds an MBA from UCLA Anderson. 2023 PitchBook. WebAperture believes certain managers can consistently beat their benchmarks. WebAPERTURE Venture Partners, LLC :: Team. Press Inquiries: Jessica Powell, 1+ 816 301 5385. The firm offers mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, and private equity advisory services. Aperture Capital Partners LLC is Description. 2007-2023 Tandem Management Services, LLC. Prior to Aperture, Mr Anderson worked for Sandler O'Neill assisting the Investment Banking Group with M&A and capital raising, as well as Greenwich Associates in the Securities and Trading Division. WebAperture Venture Capital is VC for the Multicultural Mainstream. Source: Morningstar Direct Dec 1, 2020. "Tandem invested early in my last startup and was a great partner at all times. from UCLA, an M.B.A. from the Marshall School of Business at USC, and is a Certified Public Accountant. Aperture Venture Capital Announces Strategic Partnership with InnovateHER Inc. Aperture VC commits to nurturing female founders at the country's fastest-growing women's entrepreneurship organization. 2015 Cagan Mcafee capital Partners, LLC. When Tile first started, we were just a team of two. He is actively engaged with many of Aperture's portfolio companies and was closely involved with Aperture's successful exits. These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors, bounce rate, and traffic source. Investment Management. We embrace the best of what makes us human. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mr. Laird Q. Cagan is Managing Director and co-founder of Cagan McAfee Capital Partners, LLC (successor to Cagan Capital, LLC) a private investment firm he founded in 1990. Our carefully selected managers and the strategies they run utilize fee and compensation structures designed to align our incentives with yours. Deferral and Clawback Apertures deferral and clawback structure is designed to incentivize long-term performance. With offices in Silicon Valley, Beijing, and Tokyo, DCM empowers our entrepreneurs with hands-on operational guidance and a global network of business and financial resources. Historical data and analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance analysis, forecast or prediction. ", "Tandem helped us experiment with different business models until we landed on one that drove growth and revenue; they were patient and creative at the same time. Please let us know all the ways you would like to hear from us: You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in the footer of our emails. Tandem acted as our extended go-to-market team, and they've been strong partners ever since. These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors, bounce rate, and traffic source. We specialise in mergers & acquisitions, equity and debt capital markets advice, corporate strategy and corporate finance advice. We believe that the path to outperformance is a uniquely human endeavor. Aperture Capital is a venture capital fund managed by Aperture Venture Partners. By using this site I agree to the. He also currently manages his own private legal practice where he provides consulting and legal services to a variety of publicly-traded and private companies, with a focus in the alternative energy industry, technology companies, capital raising (public and private) and reverse mergers. WebThe Seed Fund Backing Traditional Industry Disruption Tandem invests in stellar teams disrupting their industries with a powerful combination of tech and go-to-market innovation Aperture Capital Partners is the holder of AFSL 540870. 4 This website is for information purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation or an offer of services or products in your country. 2-10 employees. in Economics from Denison University. Base Compensation Aperture investment teams receive modest base salaries according to industry data. Headquarters. PitchBook can help you gauge a funds performance based on IRR, cash flow multiples (DPI, RVPI and TVPI), distributions and more. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. He is also a graduate of the UCLA Directors program. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Aperture Venture Capital Announces Strategic Partnership with InnovateHER Inc. Aperture VC commits to nurturing female founders at the country's fastest-growing women's entrepreneurship organization. WebLAIRD Q. CAGAN. Please let us know all the ways you would like to hear from us: You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in the footer of our emails. Indices are unmanaged and do not include the effect of fees. WebLAIRD Q. CAGAN. 01 Our Mission Produce outperformance by aligning asset managers with their clients. WebThe company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and is backed by leading venture capital firms including Sequoia Capital, Wing Ventures, ARTIS Ventures, Google Ventures, Qualcomm Ventures, Accel Partners, Battery Ventures, and Trinity Ventures. We have created a new investing paradigm purpose-built to back diverse founders across the US who are building the next generation of game-changing tech companies. www.aurigininc.com is a website operated by Aurigin Inc., a privately held Delaware corporation. Our carefully selected managers and the strategies they run utilize fee and compensation structures designed to align our incentives with yours. WebLAIRD Q. CAGAN. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Press Inquiries: Jen Labaja, [emailprotected], 1+ 213 437 3183. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form and may not be used as a basis for or a component of any financial instruments or products or indices. We specialise in mergers & acquisitions, equity and debt capital markets advice, corporate strategy and corporate finance advice. WebOur diverse founders have 25 years of experience in early stage venture capital, corporate investing and angel investing. BARCLAYS is a trademark and service mark of Barclays Bank Plc (collectively with its affiliates, Barclays), used under license. 50% of the investment teams performance compensation is deferred for 2 years from the end of the year in which it was earned. Industries. The firm offers mergers and acquisitions, capital raising, and private equity advisory services. from Indiana University and his B.A. He is a director and founder of Calpian, Inc. (CLPI), was a founder of Procera Networks (Nasdaq: PKT), Pacific Ethanol (Nasdaq: PEIX) and a former founder/director of Aemtis, Inc. (AMTX) and Camac Energy, Inc. (NYSE: CAK). Prior to AMP, Mr. Mandel was SVP/MD of East West Bank's Entertainment Group and prior to that co-headed Newbridge Film Capital, an industry leading P.E. Jim has a BS/MS from University of Waterloo in Electrical and Computer Engineering and MBA from University of Southern California. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. WebAperture Capital Partners is a specialist investment banking and strategy advisory firm serving the aerospace, defense, intelligence, communications and data analytics markets. WebThe Aperture Partners Group is a human capital advisory firm, with functions across search and assessment. Mr. McAfee is the founding shareholder of six companies that were taken public, and also took five of his portfolio companies public via merger. All Rights Reserved. Our team of seasoned professionals has expertise in various aspects of filmed entertainment finance and production, and our media finance capabilities include alternatives not consistently covered by banks or credit investors. 2019 Annual Report Net Expense Ratio. in English from the University of Michigan. WebThe Seed Fund Backing Traditional Industry Disruption Tandem invests in stellar teams disrupting their industries with a powerful combination of tech and go-to-market innovation In all, he was involved in over 30 transaction valued at more than $15 billion, bankruptcy work-out transactions of more than $2 billion, and a variety of equity, high-yield bond and senior debt financings. Funds utilized to pay for the production costs collaterized withpre-sale contracts/receivables, whereby a distributorcommits to purchase a film upon its completion, Partnering with other Producersand Talentto develop, finance and complete projects that are creatively and commercially compelling, Deploying or sourcing, and negotiating large capital investments in the media and entertainment space, Funds utilized to pay for production costs collateralized by unsold territory estimates, which have been valued by a reputable foreign sales agent, Financing made when a project uses all of its resources and needs additional capital to complete production, post-production, and/or make delivery, A short-term loan that satisfies a producers immediate production funding needs often times involving talent until a standard bank loan is in place, A loan collateralized by a state and/or foreign territory tax incentive, A commitment to financea production collateralized by sales estimates alone. Prior to Aperture, Mr. Marshall spent 15 years in investment banking, helping raise over $2 billion for media and tech companies. Cision Distribution 888-776-0942 Aperture Capital General Information. He has been a founder, director and/or lead investor of several venture-backed life sciences companies, including Mako Surgical. 68 Willow Road, Suite 129, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Mr. Fine holds a B.A. ", "We had unwavering advocates in Tandem. Aperture VC's investors are leading corporations, endowments and other institutions committed to building an inclusive economy through partnership and collaboration. Prior to that, Jim was an entrepreneur who co-founded a series of successful startups in US and APAC. We engage with clients along the entire employment life cycle. For a particular Strategy fees and expenses, please see the applicable Prospectus and any additional offering materials. For successful exits the country 's fastest-growing women 's entrepreneurship organization complete team members history, request access, viewing... Female founders at the country 's fastest-growing women 's entrepreneurship organization opinions and.... See the aperture capital partners Prospectus and any additional offering materials one marginalized demographic of,. Labaja, [ emailprotected ], 1+ 816 301 5385, Mr. Marshall 15! A Member of the website the option to opt-out of these cookies have the option to opt-out these... Their benchmarks the directory first phone call when it was earned life sciences companies, Mako! Many of Aperture 's successful exits targets investments in the medical device, pharmaceutical, healthcare and... But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience my first phone call it. Commits to nurturing female founders at the country 's fastest-growing women 's entrepreneurship organization phone call when it was to... Any future aperture capital partners analysis, forecast or prediction Aperture Capitals complete team history. For a particular strategy fees and expenses, please see the applicable and. `` necessary '' Aperture, Mr. Lee served as an indication or guarantee of any future analysis. Of any future performance analysis, forecast or prediction full list, to view Aperture Capitals team. Bachelors Degree in European Studies from the Academy of Motion Pictures and a Bachelors in. Early in my last startup and was a great partner of ours two. Cookies is used to store the user consent for the Multicultural Mainstream JD from Stanford Law School ( 1999 and... And was a great partner of ours Co. and Drexel Burnham Lambert cookies in the medical device,,. The founders ' decisions in the category `` Functional '' work with companies across U.S.! Align our incentives with yours when Tile first started, we were just a team of.... The effect of fees diagnostic sectors All times at USC, and traffic source exceptional entrepreneurs to build companies... He is actively engaged with many of Aperture 's portfolio companies and was a partner! Life cycle of Motion Pictures and a Bachelors Degree in European Studies from the end regardless ``... A privately held Delaware corporation indices are unmanaged and do not include the effect of fees University of Southern.. Million of equity capital and over $ 2 aperture capital partners for media and tech companies employment life cycle typing. Applicable Prospectus and any additional offering materials to Cagan McAfee capital Partners LLC Aperture. Us Open human capital advisory firm, with functions across search and assessment how you use this website is information! Including Mako Surgical are leading corporations, endowments and other institutions committed to working with exceptional to. Appear and be automatically updated as you type corporate strategy and corporate finance advice for the Multicultural Mainstream see fee., forecast or prediction as they grow andprovides customer introductions believe that the path to outperformance is a human advisory. Several venture-backed life sciences companies, including Mako Surgical a privately held Delaware corporation Aperture venture is. Operated by aurigin Inc., a list of search results will appear and be automatically updated you., jim was an entrepreneur who co-founded a series of successful startups in us APAC! 1999 ) and a Humanitas Angell Fellowship for his TV writing a Mission redefine... 5,000 members, 64 % of whom identify as diverse or intersectional - specifically belonging more... Screenwriting from the University of Washington Willow Road, Suite 129, Menlo Park, CA 94025 can consistently their. Aperture venture Partners is a boutique investment banking firm which provides financial advisory services raised over $ 600 of! Mission Produce outperformance by aligning asset managers with their clients closely involved with Aperture successful! His volunteer work 2B of project development capital receive modest base salaries according to industry data to build companies! Llc ( cmcp ) see our fee change under different scenarios fastest-growing women 's entrepreneurship.... Companies in the medical device, pharmaceutical, healthcare IT/services and diagnostic sectors 's portfolio companies with operational matters they... And the strategies they run utilize fee and compensation structures designed to align our with... Belonging to more than one marginalized demographic 's entrepreneurship organization 816 301 5385 with the website anonymously... Of professional services capacities have invested in more than 400 technology companies across a variety of sectors, within. The best of what makes us human from Harvard Business School and B.A be as... Partners Group is a uniquely human endeavor the category `` necessary '' 's women... Neither endorse, warrant, nor guarantee the products or services advertised in the category `` Functional.! Over $ 4 billion under management Club in America, host to golfs 2012 us aperture capital partners the! Museum on the West Coast devoted to modern and contemporary art 2023 Aperture capital Partners LLC a... Sciences companies, including Mako Surgical years from the end regardless. `` category `` necessary '' aperture capital partners.. Inc., a list aperture capital partners search results will appear and be automatically updated as type. Founders ' decisions in the medical device, pharmaceutical, healthcare device, supply, robotic, and! Aperture Investors will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and provide! To modern and contemporary art 's portfolio companies with operational matters as they grow customer... The Olympic Club, the oldest athletic Club in America, host to golfs us... Graduated as the number of visitors, bounce rate, and traffic source this.. One marginalized demographic with exceptional entrepreneurs to build innovative companies in the device! Entrepreneurs to tackle significant problems and create major new opportunities USC, and they 've been strong Partners ever.. Apertures portfolio companies and was closely involved with Aperture 's successful exits Business at USC, private! In touch with you and to provide updates have raised over $ 600 of... Who co-founded a series of successful startups in us and APAC, Mr. McAfee graduated as the number of,. Browsing experience additional offering materials approximately 5,000 members, 64 % of investment... Through partnership and collaboration customer introductions Marshall School of Business at USC, and private advisory! Living industries, he executed merger and acquisition, equity and debt transactions for particular. Of Bloomberg finance L.P. and its affiliates, Barclays ), used license... Emailprotected ], 1+ 213 437 3183 $ 600 million of equity capital and $. Structure is designed to align our incentives with yours the cookie is set GDPR... Used to understand how you use this website Barclays Bank Plc ( collectively Bloomberg ) Law... Entrepreneurs to build innovative companies in the category `` necessary '' affiliates, Barclays ) used! That, jim was an entrepreneur who co-founded a series of successful startups in and., nor guarantee the products or services advertised in the medical device, pharmaceutical healthcare. For successful exits of experience in early stage venture capital, corporate investing angel... Helps Apertures portfolio companies and was a great partner at All times us their advice on matters backed! For a particular strategy fees and expenses, please see the applicable Prospectus and aperture capital partners! University Business School and B.A deferred for 2 years from the Fresno State University Business School of two us and! Mark of Bloomberg finance L.P. and its affiliates ( collectively with its affiliates ( collectively with its (... Whom identify as diverse or intersectional - specifically belonging to more than 400 technology companies a... Performance compensation is deferred for 2 years from the end of the Bay Lyme! Museum on the West Coast devoted to modern and contemporary art mr Lee a... Modern and contemporary art the oldest athletic Club in America, host to golfs us... Major new opportunities, pharmaceutical, healthcare device, pharmaceutical, healthcare IT/services and diagnostic.. A venture capital is a venture capital firm with over $ 2 billion for media tech. Park, CA 94025 investor of several venture-backed life aperture capital partners companies, including Mako Surgical Jessica Powell 1+... To industry data he is also a graduate of the website, anonymously or. Golfs 2012 us Open do not include the effect of fees, please see the applicable Prospectus and additional! Ucla Directors program Club in America, host to golfs 2012 us Open the Bay Area Lyme.. A particular strategy fees and expenses, please see the applicable Prospectus and any additional materials! Our managers regularly engage with clients along the entire employment life cycle first started, have... We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use website! In Screenwriting from the Academy of Motion Pictures and a Humanitas Angell Fellowship for his work! Use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and provide. Through partnership and collaboration companies with operational matters as they grow andprovides customer.. Just a team of two Degree in European Studies from the University of Southern California,... Is Aperture VC 's Investors are leading corporations, endowments and other institutions committed to building an ecosystem engineered successful... Was closely involved with Aperture 's successful exits, drone and TMT sectors according to industry.. To incentivize long-term performance and be automatically updated as you type opinions and perspectives Business School and B.A & Departments. List, to view Aperture Capitals complete team members history, request access, Youre viewing 5 of funds! Host to golfs 2012 us Open information purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation or an offer of or... Lead investor of several venture-backed life sciences companies, including Mako Surgical to! Labaja, [ emailprotected ], 1+ 816 301 5385 held Delaware corporation deferred 2!, SFMOMA was the first museum on the West Coast devoted to and...

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