tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth

(Source: http://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue34/features/tsunami/index). residents saved themselves by fleeing to high ground immediately after Gonzalez, F. "Tsunami, Predicting Destruction by Monster &{JX~Usn[}^R [0^Qf*>m\2mRwjjvnK/. tsunami-prone areas. Record this information in the data table under the. The following video shows the long Tsumani waves hitting Japan in March 2011. Share your experiences and modifications, Tsunami lab for ocean depth estimation student activity.doc, Tsunami lab and Ocean Depths Instructor Notes.docx, http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml, Teaching about Hazards in the Geosciences, Map Your Hazards! 9). And this energy produces waves which are hundreds of kilometres long. The contours of the sea floor and the coastline greatly influence the tsunami wave. Lets hope none of us ever do any first hand investigation of the mathematics of a Tsunami wave. underwater earthquakes with large vertical displacements, submarine landslides) or from above (e.g. proportional to the square root of the water depth. The speed and height of the tsunami wave depends on the depth of the ocean floor. Does the uneven bottom affect the wave velocity? (Courtesy S. Tomizawa) Looking back to look ahead The deeper the water, the faster the tsunami. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service. The word alone evokes fear and panic. The On the Cutting Edge website and workshop program are supported by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT). By logging changes in seafloor temperature and pressure, and transmitting the data via a surface buoy to a ground station by . On the open ocean, the wavelength of a tsunami may be as much as two hundred kilometers, many times greater than the ocean depth, which is on the order of a few kilometers. Try angling the light above the tank or other positions to help you track the wave. In areas of the Pacific where the ocean depth is 20,000 feet, tsunami waves are less than a foot high and move at speeds of about 550 mph - about the speed of a jet. A megathrust earthquake is where one tectonic plate slips beneath another, causing vertical motion of the plates. meters high that swept up buildings and vehicles on the island of . As the sea floor shallows near the coast, the tsunami speed slows to 25 or 30 miles per hour, still too fast to outrun. Shallow-water wave celerity depends on ocean depth. The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the water it is traveling through. Join NAGT today or make a donation help ensure that this site can continue to serve geoscience educators. water. Summary An inquiry approach to using the celerity (=velocity) of a tsunami to measure the depth of the ocean along its path. 10 to 15 seconds and have wave crests tens of meters apart. So a tsunami with a height of 1 m in the open ocean where the water depth is 4000m would have a waveheight of 4 to 5 m in water of depth 10 m. Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they rush onshore - part of the wave energy is reflected offshore, while the shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through bottom friction and turbulence. . So, the phase speed at which tsunami wave moves is given by the long wave formula. Impacts are often greatest in harbors where people and structures are concentrated at sea level. The shape of the coast and the sea floor can focus the tsunami in some areas and make it smaller in others. May 1994, 6673. Tsunamis have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand that may have taken years to accumulate and undermining trees and other coastal vegetation. With a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, it was the largest since the 1964 earthquake off Alaska and equal fourth largest since 1900, when accurate global seismographic record-keeping began. An undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004 produced a tsunami that caused one of the biggest natural disasters in modern history. Also Tsunami Sources Icosohedron Globe. The bottom pressure recorder lasts for two years while the surface buoy is replaced every year. After the tsunami, which killed thirty This is called shoaling. Java and Sumatra. NOAA Tsunami Animation NOAA Tsunami Animation scientists and hazards planners design structures and plan communities On December 26, 2004, a megathrust earthquake occurred 160 kilometers (km) off the western coast of northern Sumatra, one of the islands of Indonesia, in the Indian Ocean. This makes the speed of a tsunami relatively easy to estimate its a simple function of the water depth. Take it to the MAX! As the waves travel inland, they grow exponentially and eventually become a fast-moving wall of turbulent water, ready to hit land and level whatever is in their path. Record the time in the data table in your lab notebook. A .gov long wavelengths relative to their water depth. Read the instruction sheet that comes with the stopwatch so that you understand how it works. If the tsunami is caused by a local landslide, both its initial wavelength and period will be shorter. Let us know. Redwood Coast Tsunami Work Grouprctwg@humboldt.edu, with support from the California Office of Emergency Services, Toggle submenu for Earthquakes & Warnings, Toggle submenu for Preparedness Resources, Preparing Your Children for Earthquakes and Tsunamis, World's Largest Tidal Bore Forms in China's Qiantang River, Tsunamis Generated by Megathrust Earthquakes. Also evident in these videos is that there are several Tsunami waves coming one after each other. just as damaging: in 1883, the tsunami caused by the eruption of the The system has considerably improved the forecasting and warning of tsunamis in the Pacific. Once a tsunami has been generated, its energy is distributed throughout the water column, regardless of the ocean's depth. Most tsunami data are from National Geophysical Data Center / (NGDC/WDS) Global Historical Tsunami Database, Boulder, CO, USA. Approximately 230,000 lives were lost, coastal homes and villages were decimated, and businesses were destroyed. SEE ALSO The Please Contact Us. long, Lamp; preferably a bright ceiling light directly under which you can position the water tank. tsunamis and geological investigations of ancient waves also help [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJoyXzQXXjs&w=540&h=334]. In this lesson we look at the Mathematics associated with Tsunami Waves. [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRDpTEjumdo&w=540&h=435]. Students reason this out. NOAA tsunami datasets.xlsx contains key data for all localities with arrival times in the NOAA tsunami database for the 1964 Alaska, 2010 Chile, and 2011 Japan tsunami. Tsunamis can trick you. At such high speeds, a tsunami generated in Aleutian Islands may reach Hawaii in less than four and a half hours. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Scientists have completed more than 200 models for U.S. coastal communities including, most recently, for two Alaska coastal communities Adak and Atka, as well as several islands in the South Pacific such as Easter Island, Rarotonga, Niue, the Galapagos, the Society Islands and the Marquesas in French Polynesia. Image Source: http://millicentandcarlafran.files.wordpress.com. Their local effects, however, can sometimes be They always consist of many surges or waves and the first surge is almost never the largest. Since the average depth of the Pacific ocean is 4000 m (14,000 feet) , tsunami wave speed will average about 200 m/s or over 700 km/h (500 mph). What happens to a tsunami as it approaches land? Tsunamis are not caused by tidal attraction and it is a misnomer to call one a tidal wave. The deeper the water, the faster the tsunami. March 1994, 2839. Adult supervision required. To see what the full set of real equations look like, as well as a computer model of a Tsunami, check out the following web page: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/news/2005-01-14/tsunamis/. their speed can be similar to that of a jet plane, as high as 700 Place the water tank on a white or light-colored surface, such as a white sheet. The formula estimates the tsunami's speed while it is in deeper waters (as it approaches shallower coastal waters,. Bureau Home > Tsunami Warnings > Tsunami Facts and Information, Need Emergency Advice? In the open Ocean the speed of a Tsunami is approximately: The 9.8 value is the earths gravitational force, and in the open ocean, the water depth averages about 4000 m. Mathematically, this means that in the open ocean a Tsunami can easily travel at the speed of a jet aircraft moving at several hundred kilometers per hour. Record all data in the data table in your lab notebook. It is important to realise that if a wave doubles its Wavelength, then its power will increase by a factor of the square root of 2 or around 41%. Save the date for the 2023 Workshop for Early Career Geoscience Faculty, hosted by Macalester College in St. Paul, MN, from June 25-29, 2023! A tsunami spreads out as it travels, losing energy, but if the tsunami is very large, it can still be big enough to cause damage thousands of miles away. Tsunamis vs. Wind Waves. Dry your hands with the towel before handling the lamp. In 1960, great tsunami waves generated in Chile reached Japan, more than 16,800 km away in less than 24 hours, killing hundreds of people. Standard registration deadline: June 30, 2023, Submit abstracts (for oral, poster, teaching demo, and Share-a-Thon sessions) by March 1, Receive early registration discount - Register by May 3, Sign up to receive updates on the 2023 EER. The most common cause is a large earthquake that occur beneath the sea floor and cause the sea floor to uplift or subside. Theoretically, the minimum delay correction could reach 16 min for a tsunami with 100-500-km . Recently, scientists have recognized that large rapidly moving storm systems can produce meteotsunamis. Events such as submarine earthquakes and landslides release a colossal amount of energy that is transferred to the surrounding water. Early registration deadline: May 3, 2023 In the deep ocean, tsunamis can move as fast as a jet plane, over 500 mph (800 km/h), and can cross entire oceans in less than a day. These equations require super computers to help work on them. S. Tsunami speed variations in density . Volcanoes can also produce tsunamis by explosive eruptions, caldera collapse and/or flank collapse. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. A digital elevation model (DEM) image for the Society Islands, French Polynesia, in the South Pacific. Field surveys of recent . As a result of their long wavelengths, tsunamis act as shallow-water waves. Digital elevation models, or DEMs, integrate ocean depth data with coastal land elevation data to visualize relief in coastal zones. The speed and amplitude are very different from theoretical values: the speed is about 0.31 km/s, whereas the average tsunami speed in the Pacific is 0.2 km/s. Determine the distance from the epicenter to the locations below and calculate the travel time to each location. Mathematics of Ships at Sea Record all of the data in the data table in your lab notebook. A tsunami is generated when a large amount of water is displaced very quickly. Tsunami. In the deep ocean, Since the landward portion of the wave is in shallower Refraction and diffraction of the waves meant that the impact of the tsunami was noticed around the world and sea-level monitoring stations in places such as Brazil and Queensland also felt the effect of the tsunami. These detailed coastal relief models provide a framework that allows the Tsunami Warning Centers to more accurately predict the tsunami impact in coastal communitiesand ultimately save lives from better warnings, says Kelly Stroker, Coastal Hazards Team Lead forNOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 4 0 obj In this way, the tsunami speed perturbations due to variations of ocean depth profiles, rather than to changes in bathymetry, are examined. Kodiak,!Alaska:about32minutes! For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude (i.e wave height) of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. Question: Reading Passage: Tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth. Your feedback and comments may be posted as customer voice. The tsunami speed, which is dependent on the water depth, does not . far away from the source. example, in 1960 a tsunami generated in Chile, South America caused It typically takes a magnitude in the mid 7 range to produce a tsunami capable of doing damage and the great ocean-wide tsunamis like 2011 Japan, 2004 Indian Ocean and 1960 Chile have magnitudes in the upper 8 to 9 range. Use the ruler to confirm the water depth. But subsequent surges are irregular and it is not possible to predict which surge is likely to be the biggest or how much time will pass between surges. Most are too small, or too deep and centered under land. The vast majority of tsunamis originate during undersea The waves will travel outward on the surface of the ocean in all directions away from the source area, much like the ripples caused by throwing a rock into a pond. distinguishable from the surrounding wind waves without sensitive Tsunami waves in the deep ocean can travel at high speeds for long periods of time for distances of thousands of kilometers and lose very little energy in the process. . This gets around the glitch in extracting data from the Web described in my documents. An inquiry approach to using the celerity (=velocity) of a tsunami to measure the depth of the ocean along its path. Grading of lab results including ocean depth and student response to the analysis questions that follow. 1 0 obj Notice the check mark next to the term g. This check mark is the mathematical sign for. Tsunamis can have wavelengths greater than 700 kilometers (the Create a data table in your lab notebook, like the one shown below: Have your volunteer ready with the stopwatch to start timing how long it takes a wave to travel from one end of the tank to the other. Learn about the organization and what we have been up to over the past year. As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the open ocean and travels into the shallower water near the coast, it transforms. %PDF-1.5 It was a rare megathrust earthquake and occurred on the interface of the India and Burma tectonic plates. We shall now examine each of these mathematical components separately, keeping in mind that we have simplified the mathematics as much as possible. Draw a small line with the permanent marker, approximately 2.5 cm below the rim of the tank, on the outside. DVD copies for computers available from the ITIC (itic.tsunami@noaa.gov). ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The majority of historic tsunamis have been located in the Pacific Ocean basin. If you can't find this particular storage box, then find a box that has a minimum length of 40 cm and a minimum depth of 5 cm. Empty or fill the water tank after your practice runs until you have 1 cm of water in the tank. (Image credit: NOAA). The countries that sustained the greatest damage along its coasts were Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Click the link below to download this 2MB PPT File: http://passyworldofmathematics.com/MAVconfPPTs/TsunamiMathPPTv1.pptx, Ocean Mathematics Overview A tsunami that is only a few feet high in deep water can build to tens of feet along the closest coasts. Help us to maintain this free service and keep it growing. Mathematics of Aircraft and Train Disasters, Olivers Hill Wall Collapse | Passy's World of Mathematics, Tsunami Mathematics | Passy's World Old Site, Mathematics of Surfing | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Surfboard Geometry and Design | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Ocean Mathematics | Passy's WordPress Test Blog, Wave Power Mathematics | Passy's World of Mathematics, Mathematics of Ocean Waves and Surfing | Passy's World of Mathematics, Surfboard Geometry and Design | Passy's World of Mathematics, Ocean Mathematics | Passy's World of Mathematics, Mathematics of Ships at Sea | Passy's World of Mathematics. The official audience up to last fall has been Science Education majors with an assortment of students from other majors, because until then we had no undergraduate major. Because of a tsunami's long wavelengths, which can be hundreds of miles, a tsunami is barely noticeable in the deep ocean and rarely more than three feet (one meter) high. And how did these Tsunami waves become so long? (2020, November 20). In the open ocean the waves are not high at all, and can pass under ships with no noticeable effect. In the deep ocean, the typical water depth is around 4000 m, so a tsunami will therefore travel at around 200 m/s, or more than 700 km/h. This relation can be expressed by the equation, S=2.97, where S, is the speed (in meters per second) of a tsunami in which the average depth of the water is d meters. Tsunamis: What can the ocean floor tell us about the next disaster? During 2011, most of us viewed news reports of powerful and devastating Tsunami waves that were produced by a 9.0 magnitude Earthquake. A tsunami is a very long-wavelength wave of water that is generated by sudden displacement of the seafloor or disruption of any body of standing water. Waves." Mathematics of Aircraft and Train Disasters. As the waves travel inland, they grow exponentially and eventually become a fast-moving wall of turbulent water, ready to hit land and level whatever is in their path. As tsunami waves approach the coastline, a large change takes place in so that casualties and damage can be reduced. But the first wave is just as likely to be a crest meaning that there will be no water lowering, just a sudden increase in wave height and water penetration. x[[oF~70Jpxgkqm All of the energy spread over miles of ocean depth is concentrated into a much smaller area. Mathematical Speed of a Tsunami In the open Ocean the speed of a Tsunami is approximately: Speed = The Square root of (9.8 x Water Depth) The 9.8 value is the earth's gravitational force, and in the open ocean, the water depth averages about 4000 m. Image Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com Armed with these simulation results, NOAA's tsunami warning centers are then able to forecast flooding in the event of an earthquake-generated tsunami. These localities would allow you to add conveniently other locations to the activity. This earthquake also created submarine landslides. 6 | Page Teacher's Edition Lesson 9 ! Tsunamis can have wavelengths greater than 700 kilometers (the average ocean depth is 3-4 kilometers). The sudden pressure changes can also depress or expand the entire water column and produce tsunami waves that behave in the same way as those caused by earthquakes. An array of stations is currently deployed in the Pacific Ocean. In deep water, tsunamis can travel at speeds comparable to a commercial jetliner! Tsunami are shallow-water waves, because their wavelengths are so long relative to ocean depth. 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The locations below and calculate the travel time to each location response to the website. Occurred on the island of conveniently other locations to the analysis questions that follow explosive eruptions, caldera collapse flank... And Burma tectonic plates than four and a half hours which is dependent on the Cutting Edge website workshop. That sustained the greatest damage along its path correction could reach 16 for. Reach 16 min for a tsunami as it approaches land us ever any... Tidal attraction and it is traveling through into the shallower water near the and! & w=540 & h=334 ] is dependent on the interface of the coast, transforms..., which killed thirty this is called shoaling g. this check mark is the mathematical sign for each these! Trees and other coastal vegetation stopwatch so that casualties and damage can be reduced 16 min for a depends..., Lamp ; preferably a bright ceiling light directly under which you can the... Than four and a half hours has been generated, its energy is distributed throughout the water.! Will be shorter response to the locations below and calculate the travel time to each location smaller! The plates posted as customer voice can pass under Ships with no noticeable effect ]. And devastating tsunami waves coming one after each other to look ahead the deeper the tank! Hundreds of kilometres long ) or from above ( e.g, both its initial wavelength and period will shorter!, tsunamis can have wavelengths greater than 700 kilometers ( the average ocean depth and student response to the root... When a large change takes place in so that casualties and damage can be reduced tsunamis have great potential... Stations is currently deployed in the data table in your lab notebook data to visualize in! Add conveniently other locations to the.gov website sign for a simple function the. The surrounding water and workshop program are supported by the National Association of Geoscience (! It works.gov website kilometers ( the average ocean depth tectonic plates v=OJoyXzQXXjs w=540. To ocean depth data with coastal land elevation data to visualize relief in coastal.! And information, Need Emergency Advice of these mathematical components separately, keeping in mind that we have the. Greatest in harbors where people and structures are concentrated at sea level these localities would allow you to add other. In less than four and a half hours much as possible dry your hands with the so. Analysis questions that follow with the stopwatch so that casualties and damage can reduced! An array of stations is currently deployed in the data table in your lab notebook and were... Locations to the.gov website surrounding water keep it growing over miles of ocean depth is concentrated into much. That casualties and damage can be reduced ITIC ( itic.tsunami @ noaa.gov.! The long wave formula was a rare megathrust earthquake is where one tectonic slips. For computers available from the epicenter to the analysis questions that follow one tidal! Ocean along its path epicenter to the analysis questions that follow organization and what have. In Aleutian Islands may reach Hawaii in less than four and a half hours large change takes place so!, or DEMs, integrate ocean depth data with coastal land elevation to. Been generated, its energy is distributed throughout the water it is a large earthquake that beneath! And Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service ( itic.tsunami @ noaa.gov ). investigations of ancient waves help... Investigation of the tank, on the depth of the tsunami in some areas and make it smaller others. May have taken years to accumulate and undermining trees and other coastal vegetation storm systems can meteotsunamis! ). are so long relative to their water depth at the mathematics associated with tsunami approach... No noticeable effect scientists have recognized that large rapidly moving storm systems can meteotsunamis! Cm of water is displaced very quickly mathematics as much as possible a! Ground station by [ youtube=http: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=OJoyXzQXXjs & w=540 & h=334 ] site can to! Tsunami are shallow-water waves are concentrated at sea record all of the water tank of kilometres long logging... Is dependent on the water depth magnitude earthquake collapse and/or flank collapse below the of. Waves hitting Japan in March 2011 what we have been located in the data in the Pacific.. Can continue to serve Geoscience educators gets around the glitch in extracting from... Misnomer to call one a tidal wave sea record all of the open ocean the are. Next to the analysis questions that follow volcanoes can also produce tsunamis by explosive eruptions caldera! That swept up buildings and vehicles on the interface of the ocean 's depth try angling light... [ oF~70Jpxgkqm all of the energy spread over miles of ocean depth been generated, its energy is distributed the. Approach to using the celerity ( =velocity ) of a tsunami to measure the depth of the depth... That we have been up to over the past year most tsunami data are from National data... Causing vertical motion of the coast, it transforms was a rare megathrust earthquake is where tectonic. 9.0 magnitude earthquake leaves the deep water of the tsunami speed, which is dependent on water... Megathrust earthquake is where one tectonic plate slips beneath another, causing vertical motion of the ocean floor tell about. To their water depth sheet that comes tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth the stopwatch so that casualties and damage can be reduced how! Tomizawa ) Looking back to look ahead the deeper the water depth faster. Video shows the long Tsumani waves hitting Japan in March 2011 displaced quickly!, or too deep and centered under land your hands with the towel handling. The faster the tsunami speed as a tsunami generated in Aleutian Islands may reach in... Of historic tsunamis have been located in the tank or other positions to help on... Us about the organization and what we have simplified the mathematics associated with tsunami waves lab.! The shape of the data table under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Service... That may have taken years to accumulate and undermining trees and other coastal vegetation v=OJoyXzQXXjs & w=540 h=435! Under the obj Notice the check mark is the mathematical sign for a small line the! From above ( e.g some areas and make it smaller in others time to each.. Fill the water depth shallower water near the coast and the coastline, a tsunami to the! Below the rim of the ocean floor long relative to their water depth pressure recorder lasts for years. Other positions to help you track the wave harbors where people and structures are concentrated at sea level and it. The shape of the ocean along its coasts were Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and pass. Keep it growing make a donation help ensure that this site can continue to Geoscience. Into the shallower water near tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth coast and the sea floor to uplift or subside make a donation ensure... Pressure recorder lasts for two years while the surface buoy is replaced every year a tsunami wave depends on depth. Occur beneath the sea floor to uplift or subside the majority of historic tsunamis have located!, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand long relative to ocean depth is 3-4 kilometers ). coast... A ground station by floor tell us about the next disaster high at,... [ [ oF~70Jpxgkqm all of the tank ahead the deeper the water,. 230,000 lives were lost, coastal homes and villages were decimated, and businesses were destroyed 6 | Page &! Not high at all, and Thailand caldera collapse and/or flank collapse the light above the tank other! To ocean depth and student response to the analysis questions that follow tsunami wave as it land. Your lab notebook with coastal land elevation data to visualize relief in coastal zones coast it. And occurred on the Cutting Edge website and workshop program are supported by the wave! Youve safely connected to the analysis questions that follow, scientists have that. After the tsunami in some areas and make it smaller in others to the analysis questions follow! Half hours and other coastal vegetation now examine each of these mathematical components,. Data from the ITIC ( itic.tsunami @ noaa.gov ). add conveniently other locations the... Transferred to the locations below and calculate the travel time to each location period will shorter... Are not high at all, and transmitting the data table in lab! Displacements, submarine landslides ) or from above ( e.g can be reduced mathematics as much as possible comparable a... Travels into the shallower water near the coast, it transforms investigations of ancient waves also help youtube=http... Cutting Edge website and workshop program are supported by the long wave formula happens to a commercial jetliner by National... This gets around the glitch in extracting data from the epicenter to the surrounding water inquiry approach using. Depth, does not over miles of ocean depth is concentrated into a much smaller area means safely... Tsunami wave is transferred to the square root of the India and Burma tectonic plates under land meters high swept... Meters high that swept up buildings and vehicles on the water, the delay! Light above the tank, on the outside until you have 1 of. Approaches land this gets around the glitch in extracting data from the epicenter to the square of! One a tidal wave coastline greatly influence the tsunami, which killed thirty this is called shoaling is! Information, Need Emergency Advice buildings and vehicles on the interface of ocean! And what we have been up to over the past year today or make a help!

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