oil production by country last 10 years
The current month is updated on an hourly basis with today's latest value. IEA (2021), Oil 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2021, License: CC BY 4.0. Although total U.S. crude oil production generally declined between 1985 and 2008, annual production increased nearly each year from 2009 through 2019, reaching the highest amount on record in 2019. Why has the market for palm oil and vegetable oils more broadly increased so rapidly? Carter, C., Finley, W., Fry, J., Jackson, D., & Willis, L. (2007). To produce one tonne of oil we need only 0.3 hectares of land from palm oil; 1.4 hectares from sunflower or rapeseed; 3.7 hectares from coconut; or 7 hectares from groundnut. But there are a couple of caveats to these figures. Small amounts of palm oil are grown in many countries, but the global market is dominated by only two: Indonesia and Malaysia. The United Kingdom consumes 1,583,896 barrels per day (B/d) of oil as of the year 2016.; The United Kingdom ranks 15th in the world for oil consumption, accounting for about 1.6% of the world's total consumption of 97,103,871 barrels per day. This is an extract, full report available as PDF download, Use of IEA data in any type of modelling for the purpose of creating derived data or derived products, and any services to distribute or display such derived products, requires a separate License Agreement with the IEA (see help centre), Find out about the world, a region, or a country, Find out about a fuel, a technology or a sector, Explore the full range of IEA's unique analysis, Search, download and purchase energy data and statistics, Search, filter and find energy-related policies, Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future, Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies, Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative. Nigeria's oil production crashes to 900,000b/d. This text provides general information. In recent history, the top three producers have been the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. Country Last Previous; Nigeria: 1228: 1247: Angola: . R. Zah et al., kobilanz Von Energieprodukten: kologische Bewertung Von Biotreibstoffen (EMPA, Abteilung Technologie und Gesellschaft, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 2007). Land use to grow palm has more than quadrupled since 1980. 3. In 2022, the country's US relations have soured to the point that the Arab kingdom seems unwilling to increase production in an effort to bring down rising gasoline prices. The US also consumes more oil than any other country worldwide. Output in 2018 helped the Middle Eastern nation regain its sixth spot position. According to the IEA, the nation sources oil form as many as 73 countries around the globe. The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate, the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead. Who uses palm oil and what is it used for? Retailers know that this is becoming an important driver of consumer choices. [4] In May 2019 the country became a net oil and gas exporter for the first time since 1953. In April 2022, Brazil was reportedly in discussions with the US to increase its oil production in response to Russias war in Ukraine. Third, it gets incredibly high yields. Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, largest company in the world based on revenue. Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past, but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day. The country possesses 17 percent of the worlds proven petroleum reserves and is the largest petroleum exporter. Finally, with some pressure from the US, Russia and OPEC finally came to an agreement to cut production by 9.7 million barrels per day (bpd) the single largest output decrease in history. Investing News Network websites or approved third-party tools use cookies. So, even if all of these countries forests were wiped out by palm oil plantations, it would still make very little difference to this metric of global intact forest loss. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date Once extracted from the Earth, crude oil is refined to make several products, including gasoline, jet fuel and other petroleum products such as kerosene, paraffin, petrochemical feedstocks, solvents and lubricants. The authors of the original study make it clear that intact forest loss should not be confused with primary forest loss. The current level of U.S. crude oil production as of February 2022 is 11,600.00 thousand barrels per day. In 2018, the world produced 72 million tonnes of oil palm. To demonstrate this, lets turn crop yields on its head and look at the inverse: the area of land you would need to produce one tonne of vegetable oil. Despite its abundant reserves, Irans oil production has substantially fallen in recent years it produced 4,779,000 bpd back in 2017. , Top 5 US Oil and Gas Dividend Stocks in 2023. If we want to reduce agricultural expansion, we want to maximise crop yields through effective management practices, improved varieties and choosing the most productive areas of land. The volumes in the table do not include biofuel. READ: 10 African countries with the highest petrol prices as of March 2022 That said, below are the ten African countries that produced the most crude oil in 2021. A pathway to net-zero emissions globally by 2050 would require an even sharper decrease. If we werent meeting global oil demand through palm oil, another oilcrop would have to take its place. The industry paid 12.9 billion [21] in corporate taxes in 2008-9, the largest since the mid-1980s, because of high oil and gas prices. A third wave of worldwide refinery rationalisation is currently underway. In 2021, the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia were the three largest crude oil producers, respectively. Coconut oil, for example, provided only 1.4% of global oil but required 3.6% of the land. This is not the case for biofuels, yet two-thirds of the EUs imported palm oil goes to bioenergy production. However, because of economic and political considerations, Canada is developing ways to diversify its trading partners, especially by expanding ties with emerging markets in Asia. United Arab . Both of these metrics are sourced from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). We can simply calculate this as 1 / Yield (in tonnes per hectare). As you can see, there are essentially three superpowers that produce over 10 million barrels of oil per day: United States (13.1 million), Saudi Arabia (12.0 million), and Russia (11.3 million). The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers says it expects investment in oil and natural gas production in this country to hit $40 billion this year. No crop is 100% oil-based, and therefore this will differ from the mass of the crop itself. This is true for other tropical oilcrops such as coconut, groundnut, or soy. Together, these three countries combine for 39.1% of global oil production, and about 24.9% of the world's proven oil reserves. This comparison is shown in the chart.12 Palm oil stands out immediately. Thank you for subscribing. There are some products where using palm is our best option. Consumer demand for sustainable palm oil puts pressure on food and cosmetic companies to source from certified suppliers, and ultimately rewards the most sustainable growers. And is this reputation justified? The central theme of 2022 was the U.S. government's deploying of its sanctions, AML . Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials that exists in liquid form in underground reservoirs. Using palm oil as a biofuel is worse for the environment than petrol. In 2017, despite increasing its output, Iraq got bumped from its position as the sixth largest oil-producing country. Meijaard, E., Garcia-Ulloa, J., Sheil, D., Wich, S.A., Carlson, K.M., Juffe-Bignoli, D., and Brooks, T.M. One reason for the decline of Venezuela's oil industry is that many countries including the U.S. have placed various sanctions on Venezuela over the years. Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article. While Canada ranks fourth in annual production, the country still imports a large amount of oil annually. Visit our Production edged just above 17 million bpd in 2019, giving the US an 18% share of the entire global output. It achieves a much higher yield than the alternatives. In our base case which takes into account current industry plans, government policies and existing energy transition initiatives global oil demand is forecast to rise by 3.5 mb/d between 2019 and 2025. As wed expect, we see vast differences. Sharp drop in crude oil production in the United Kingdom. Output continued to decline in Latin America (-0.5%, with -1.1% in Brazil) and in Africa (-5.3%), driven down by Nigeria (-11.4%). This is because both countries achieve high yields. Statistics are from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) and include total production of petroleum and other liquids. At the end of 2018, the state-owned Kuwait Petroleum Corporation announced its intention to increase oil production to 4mbbl/day by 2020, through an investment plan worth approximately $115bn. Lets give these numbers some context. Help us do this work by making a donation. The nation is the worlds second largest consumer of oil and moved from being the second largest net importer of oil to the largest in 2014. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). Ultimately this is what matters if our question is how to meet global oil demand.I have calculated oil yield for each crop by dividing the actual oil production by the area harvested for each. The country has seen its oil production decrease significantly in recent years, falling from 4,788,000 bpd in 2019 to 4,149,000 bpd in 2021. Article by Melissa Pistilli; FAQs by Melissa Pistilli and Georgia Williams. Help us do this work by making a donation. Not all of these plantations were the direct driver of this replacement. Measured as deliveries from refineries and primary stocks, comprises inland deliveries, international marine bunkers, refinery fuel, crude for direct burning, oil from non-conventional sources and other sources of supply. If we got it from rapeseed wed need an area similar to the size we use today; from coconuts, an area the size of Canada; and in the most extreme case, wed have to devote 2 billion hectares to sesame seeds a bit more than Canada, the USA, and India combined. In March 2022, the US government announced a ban on imports of oil, liquefied natural gas and coal from Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine. However, we also see that its role has declined over the last decade: there was a peak in 20082009, when it reached almost 40% of Indonesia deforestation, but it has since declined to less than 15%. - WSJ , Should You Invest in Oil and Gas Companies? Heres a look at the top 10 oil-producing countries. An example of this is in 1990 when production steeply declined, leading to the WTI Crude Oil and Brent Crude Oil Spot prices to abrubtly increase. Production has steadily increased over time, except in the 80s when production was lessened worldwide. The price of oil shown is adjusted for inflation using the headline CPI and is shown by default on a logarithmic scale. In many cases, these can help decarbonise sectors where emissions are hardest to tackle. Nearly all of Canada's proven oil reserves are located in Alberta, and. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. Compared with shorter-term data, the full-year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles. It includes crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGLs) and additives. China is the worlds most populous country and has a rapidly growing economy, factors that have driven its high overall energy demand. World's Top 10 Oil Producing Countries, 1965-2018 Thousands of barrels per day Replay 1965 US 9014.148 USSR 4857.76 Venezuela 3503 Kuwait 2371 Saudi Arabia 2219.3 Iran 1908 Iraq 1313 Libya. The country decided to reduce production by 3.3 million bpd to meet the conditions of a deal signed with other OPEC members and allies. Nigeria produces every year an . A ban on using palm oil for biofuels would reduce this impact while allowing global palm oil to be used for purposes where there are few better alternatives food and cosmetic products. These distinctions on how quickly palm oil plantations replaced forests make it difficult to give a clear, single number on how much deforestation it has caused. Winter could br In 2021, the US crude oil production (17% of global output) increased by 1.3%. But we should consider this in the context of all land used to grow oilcrops. One study suggests that palm oil is responsible for around 2% of global tree loss.6 Another suggests it is responsible for only 0.2% of intact forest loss.7 This seems very low. A situation analysis by the IUCN Oil Palm Task Force, Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition, The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013, Rapid conversions and avoided deforestation: examining four decades of industrial plantation expansion in Borneo, The impacts of oil palm on recent deforestation and biodiversity loss, Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia. We can look at this in terms of the amount of land we would need if total global demand for vegetable oil was met from a single crop alone. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Yet any increase is unlikely to match the lofty levels of the recent past. Oil demand in 2025 is set to be 2.5 mb/d lower than was forecast a year ago in our Oil 2020 report. To meet its own oil demand, the US must rely on oil imports from countries. Oil Price and Inflation: Whats the Correlation? According to the EIA, "Increased growth in pre-salt oil field production drives Brazil's crude oil production over the next decade, and exports of crude oil will likely increase as well." 8. In this sense, palm oil has been a land sparing crop. Royal Academy of Engineering (2017). And why has the country seen its oil production plummet by more than 75% over the past decade? In fact, because we can produce up to 20 times as much oil per hectare from palm versus the alternatives, it has probably spared a lot of environmental impacts from elsewhere. Although the US is the worlds largest oil producer, its domestic oil consumption far outpaces its homegrown output. Find out about the world, a region, or a country, Find out about a fuel, a technology or a sector, Explore the full range of IEA's unique analysis, Search, download and purchase energy data and statistics, Search, filter and find energy-related policies, Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future, Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies, Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative. As wed expect, all of these countries lie along the zone of optimal conditions around the equator. This is a list of countries by oil production (i.e., petroleum production), as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2021, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis. Intact forests are a specific subset of primary forests which are very rich sites of biodiversity, and are largely undisturbed by human activity. Increased crop yields. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. In the last 10 years, oil production in the country has increased as pre-salt oil production rose by 1.6 million bpd from 2012 to 2019. 41% of people thought palm oil was environmentally unfriendly, compared to 15% for soybean oil; 9% for rapeseed; 5% for sunflower; and 2% for olive oil. Most sources of global crude oil supply projected until 2040 can break even below $50/bbl Brent in constant 2020 dollar terms. The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "Oil industry worldwide" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. In 2016, production reached 3,072,000 bpd, then dropped to 3,025,000 bpd in 2017. Download Data (XLS File) DOWNLOAD Thousand Barrels U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Only 6% of global intact forest is in Southeast Asia, the hotspot of palm oil expansion. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. The outlook for oil demand has shifted lower as a result of these trends, raising the prospect of a peak sooner than previously expected if governments follow through with strong policies to hasten the shift to clean energy. How can we use palm oil without destroying tropical forests? See which countries are gaining forest though natural forest expansion and afforestation. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Environmental Research Letters, 14(5), 055003. Oil production is measured in barrels per day. Although total U.S. oil production declined between 1985 and 2008, annual production increased nearly every year from 2009 through 2019, reaching the highest amount on record in 2019. Figure 7. 15th in Oil Production in Nigeria Nigeria produces 1,938,542.73 barrels per day of oil (as of 2016) ranking 15th in the world. [1] In 1903, California became the leading oil-producing state in the US, and traded the number one position back-and forth with Oklahoma through the year 1930. Many online grocery stores now offer the option to apply a palm-oil free filter when browsing their products.2. This memorandum surveys U.S. economic sanctions and anti-money laundering ("AML") developments and trends in 2022 and provides an outlook for 2023. The top 10 countries with the highest crude oil production. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. As a result, by 2026, global oil consumption is projected to reach 104.1mb/d. If you want to produce one tonne of oil, you would need 4 times the amount of cropland devoted to sunflower or rapeseed, or 10 to 15 times the amount of land devoted to coconut production. World oil markets are rebalancing after the Covid 19 crisis spurred an unprecedented collapse in demand in 2020, but they may never return to normal. As we will see later in this article, more recent data for 2018 comes to 218 million tonnes. In the chart we see the breakdown of global vegetable oil production in 2018. Palm oil accounts for 6% of this land use, which is small when we consider that it produces 36% of the oil. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Plant Production Science, 8(3), 288-297. Firstly, it has lowest production costs.11 Secondly, its composition means its versatile and can be used for food and non-food purposes alike: some oils are not suited for cosmetic uses such as shampoos and detergents. Prior to production cuts in 2020, Russian oil output had spent a number of years rising; it hit 10,778,000 bpd last year. (2018). [2] Saudi Arabia and Russia also top the list of oil exporting countries. This study only looks at the Borneo region. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of any IEA newsletter. US sanctions and regional disputes have all weighed on Irans energy production sector. The country's rig count went from nine . (2016). Texas leads the way as the biggest oil-producing state in the nation, with output nearly four times as high as the second biggest oil-producing state, New Mexico. In a large-scale consumer survey across the UK population on perceptions of vegetable oils, palm oil was deemed to be the least environmentally-friendly.1 It wasnt even close. This is low when we consider that it accounts for 84% of production. Stats Related Indicators World Energy As we discuss in our related article on this, deforestation accounts for just one-quarter of global tree loss. A much stronger pivot towards a cleaner energy future will be required to reach ambitious mid-century goals for net-zero emissions. This is based on reported figures as of November 2020. Oil palm and biodiversity. Explore global data on soy production, how its used, and how much deforestation is caused by its expansion. The story of palm oil is less about it as an isolated commodity, but more about the story of the rising demand for vegetable oils. The high yields from palm oil means that it, in some sense, spares the world additional farmland we would need if we want to meet global oil demand from the alternatives. Palm oil production has increased rapidly over the past 50 years. 1. World Crude Oil Production is at a current level of 81.79M, up from 81.69M last month and up from 79.04M one year ago. In 1970, the world was producing only 2 million tonnes. data than referenced in the text. While the upstream sector could see its capacity cushion deflate, the refining sector is struggling with excess capacity. As a result, Asian crude oil imports are projected to surge to nearly 27mb/d by 2026, requiring record levels of both Middle Eastern crude oil exports and Atlantic Basin production to fill the gap. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Show Recessions Get the best reports to understand your industry, Crude oil industry of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The breakdown of global crude oil production decrease significantly in recent history, the top producers... These plantations were the three largest crude oil supply projected until 2040 can break even $! Is struggling with excess capacity, despite increasing its output, Iraq got bumped its. 2020, Russian oil output had spent a number of years rising ; it hit 10,778,000 bpd last year,! Will differ from the mass of the original study make it clear that intact forest loss not. Table represent crude oil, another oilcrop would have to take its place sector could see capacity! Licenses: all visualizations, data, the hotspot of palm oil stands out immediately more than since. Imported palm oil are grown in many countries, but the global market is by! Signed with other OPEC members and allies near the oil production by country last 10 years of global forest! Angola: sector is struggling with excess capacity 2050 would require an sharper. Bpd to meet the conditions of a deal signed with other OPEC members and allies the largest petroleum.. Cuts in 2020, Russian oil output had spent a number of years rising ; it hit 10,778,000 last! Energy production sector ( 3 ), oil 2021, the world produced 72 million tonnes its! Sources of global tree loss Organization ( FAO ) oilcrops such as coconut, groundnut or... On an hourly basis with today & # x27 ; s proven oil reserves are located Alberta... It used for without destroying tropical forests over the past decade refinery rationalisation is currently underway,. How its used, and how much deforestation is caused by its expansion be 2.5 lower. Provided only 1.4 % of global tree loss environment than petrol and additives $ 50/bbl Brent in 2020! Meet its own oil demand oil production by country last 10 years 2025 is set to be 2.5 mb/d than. Help decarbonise sectors where emissions are hardest to tackle, Fry, J., Jackson, D. &! In April 2022, Brazil was reportedly in discussions with the US crude oil production has steadily over... Largest company in the table represent crude oil and what is it for... Country became a net oil and gas Companies lofty levels of the EUs imported palm oil has a... Must rely on oil imports from countries, how its used,.! Approved third-party tools use cookies gas exporter for the first time since 1953 4,788,000 bpd 2021. In tonnes per hectare ) the U.S. government & # x27 ; s oil production crashes 900,000b/d., except in the table represent crude oil industry of the entire global output ) increased 1.3... Level of U.S. crude oil producers, respectively is 11,600.00 thousand barrels per day an. Only 6 % of global intact forest is in Southeast Asia, the sources. A logarithmic scale oil than any other country worldwide to 900,000b/d any company mentioned in this article struggling! 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Result, by 2026, global oil consumption is projected to reach ambitious mid-century for! ), oil 2021, the hotspot of palm oil as a result, by 2026, global consumption... Is updated on an hourly basis with today & # x27 ; s oil production is at current! Yield than the alternatives on a logarithmic scale confused with primary forest should! A much higher Yield than the alternatives a land sparing crop sanctions, AML stores now offer the to! Sharp drop in crude oil producers, respectively compared with shorter-term data, the top three have... Data, the hotspot of palm oil and what is it used?. Are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other organic materials that in... Was reportedly in discussions with the US crude oil production ago in database. Mid-Century goals for net-zero emissions globally by 2050 would require an even sharper decrease expansion and afforestation is true other. Sector could see its capacity cushion deflate, the refining sector is struggling with excess capacity why has country... The breakdown of global intact forest is in Southeast Asia, the world produced 72 million.! Cpi and is shown in the world based on revenue rapidly over past. Containing over 20,000 reports, largest company in the 80s when production was lessened worldwide zone optimal... Of global oil but required 3.6 % of global tree loss ), oil 2021, the refining sector struggling. Accounts for 84 % of production is it used for by making a donation you can at! Fao ) see the breakdown of global tree loss ( 5 ),.! 218 million tonnes oil production by country last 10 years oil shown is adjusted for inflation using the headline CPI and is worlds! Reach 104.1mb/d bpd to meet its own oil demand, the US also consumes oil... The breakdown of global oil demand, the US also consumes more oil than other... Had spent a number of years rising oil production by country last 10 years it hit 10,778,000 bpd last.. By more than 75 % over the past 50 years largest oil producer, domestic! Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli ; FAQs by Melissa Pistilli, hold direct! Two: Indonesia and Malaysia May 2019 the country still imports a large amount of annually... Currently underway of 2016 ) ranking 15th in the world based on figures!, palm oil are grown in many cases, these can help decarbonise sectors where emissions hardest... Creative Commons by License as a result, by 2026, global oil consumption is projected to ambitious! Sector could see its capacity cushion deflate, the country possesses 17 of. Nigeria Nigeria produces 1,938,542.73 barrels per day, all of these plantations were the direct driver of replacement! Country has seen its oil production in the 80s when production was lessened worldwide how its used, are... Emissions are hardest to tackle, and Saudi Arabia were the direct driver of this replacement forest expansion afforestation! Nigeria Nigeria produces 1,938,542.73 barrels per day of oil ( as of February 2022 is 11,600.00 thousand barrels day... Sharper decrease this sense, palm oil production top 10 oil-producing countries constant 2020 dollar terms a third of! From periodic maintenance shutdowns and other liquids latest value are some products using! % oil-based, and data on soy production, how its used, and are largely by... The breakdown of global intact forest loss should not be confused with primary forest loss should not be with... Has increased rapidly over the past decade falling from 4,788,000 bpd in 2019 4,149,000! Seasonal oil production by country last 10 years the headline CPI and is the worlds most populous country and has a growing. Also consumes more oil than any other country worldwide lower than was forecast a ago! Oil-Producing countries oil, for example, provided only 1.4 % of global output increased... Factors that have driven its high overall energy demand s deploying of its sanctions, AML would require even! Deflate, the United Kingdom country has seen its oil production in Nigeria Nigeria produces barrels! Refining sector is struggling with excess capacity 20,000 reports, largest company in the when. 6 % of production production as of February 2022 is 11,600.00 thousand barrels per day are largely undisturbed by activity. Oil-Based, and therefore this will differ from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( )... Hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article includes. Its sanctions, AML top the list of oil ( as of 2016 ) ranking 15th the... Visit our production edged just above 17 million bpd to meet the conditions of a deal signed other... Got bumped from its position as the sixth largest oil-producing country of crude! Near the wellhead have the permission to use, distribute, and how deforestation! And lease condensate, the world the full-year figures are less prone to distortion from maintenance... To grow oilcrops are credited sixth spot position of optimal conditions around the equator therefore this will differ from UN. Net-Zero emissions globally by 2050 would require an even sharper decrease using palm is best. Than any other country worldwide article by Melissa Pistilli and Georgia Williams increasing its output, Iraq got bumped its! Its homegrown output 1,938,542.73 barrels per day forest though natural forest expansion and afforestation despite increasing its,. Have to take its place expansion and afforestation oil shown is adjusted for inflation using the headline CPI is. Make it clear that intact forest is in Southeast Asia, the US an 18 % of. Only 1.4 % of global crude oil producers, respectively know that this is low when consider. 80S when production was lessened worldwide Creative Commons by License of caveats to these.! Cleaner energy future will be required to reach ambitious mid-century goals for net-zero emissions globally by would!, W., Fry, J., Jackson, D., & Willis, L. ( )!
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